EWHA WOMANS UNIVERSITY | Research

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Ewha Ranks First among Korean Universities for Gender Equality in the “THE World University Rankings”...

Ewha Ranks First among Korean Universities for Gender Equality in the “THE World University Rankings” for Three Consecutive Years Ewha ranked first among Korean universities for three consecutive years in the “Gender Equality” category of the “THE World University Rankings” published by the Times Higher Education (THE), a British publication of world university rankings. The school also ranked third in Korea for “No Poverty” and “Good Health and Well-Being,” thereby demonstrating Ewha’s role as an education platform that contributes to a sustainable society. The THE World University Rankings, which are considered to be among the world’s top three university rankings alongside the QS World University Rankings and the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), launched the THE Impact Rankings in 2019. The Impact Rankings assess the efforts made by universities toward the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with the social responsibilities of universities comprising key evaluation criteria. As Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) performance is becoming a salient topic around the world, the THE Impact Rankings are gaining attention as the first evaluation in the world to assess universities’ contribution to sustainable global development in areas such as climate change, gender equality, and humanity’s sustainable growth and well-being. Ewha has cemented its place as a leading institution of female education by participating in the world university impact rankings this year as well as last year and retaining the first place among Korean universities for gender equality for three consecutive years. The “Gender Equality” category assesses the outcomes of research on gender equality, the ratio of female executives and the anti-discrimination policy as a measure to understand universities’ social responsibility for achieving a gender-equal society. Since its foundation in 1886 as Korea’s first modern education institution for women, the school has grown into a world-class female university with approximately 25,000 students and about 1,000 faculty members, and contributed to gender equality by nurturing talented women. Moreover, Ewha received an excellent evaluation in the “Outreach” area for financial and academic support for low-income students and poverty alleviation, ranked 57th globally and third in Korea in the “No Poverty” category, and third in Korea in “Good Health and Well-Being.” The excellent grades in the THE World University Impact Rankings demonstrate that Ewha, beyond solely focusing on high-quality research and education, has made comprehensive efforts to better humanity and create a sustainable future for the world to fulfill its social responsibilities as an institution of higher education. Under the vision of “A Creative and Innovative Platform Leading to a Sustainable Society,” Ewha will continue to devote itself toward realizing its spirit of service and sharing through not only extraordinary research achievements but also its social contributions toward gender equality, the welfare of low-income students, job creation and global partnerships.
- No.108
- Writer
- Date2022.05.04
- Views34733
107
Professor Sang Won Kang Attracts an Investment of KRW 18 Billion Following the Development of a New Drug...

Professor Sang Won Kang Attracts an Investment of KRW 18 Billion Following the Development of a New Drug to Treat Vascular Diseases Faculty start-up company “Vasthera” attracted an additional investment of KRW 18 billion, two years after receiving KRW 5.5 billion in investment following the development of a new drug to treat vascular diseases. “Vasthera” is a biotechnology company that aims to develop first-in-class new drugs for cardiovascular diseases and cancers. It was established in February 2018 as an Ewha faculty start-up company, as Professor Sang Won Kang of the Department of Life Sciences transferred a patent based on the results of research on redox signaling in the field of therapeutics for vascular diseases and cancers. Vasthera attracted an investment worth KRW 18 billion in late February 2021. Existing investors ID Ventures, SJ Investment Partners and Medytox Venture Investment also chose to participate in the follow-up investment, while UTC Investment, Medici Investment, Shinhan Venture Investment, Partners Investment and HG Initiative/Daesung Venture Capital joined the venture as new investors. This marks a significant achievement two years after the attraction of the initial investment worth KRW 5.5 billion, thereby reaching a cumulative investment of KRW 23.2 billion so far. With this new investment, Vasthera has gained a foothold for conducting a clinical trial on new drug candidates for pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) and a pre-clinical study on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The research team led by Professor Sang Won Kang had previously identified the role of redox signaling in certain diseases and conducted research on the potential of targeted therapeutics. The research team examined peroxiredoxin-2, an essential antioxidant enzyme, as a targeted drug for redox signaling. The team had already published the study outcome that peroxiredoxin-2 regulated platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling and vascular remodeling in Nature in 2005, and had since published study results that a peroxiredoxin-2 activity mimetic could normalize vascular function in academic journals in 2011 and 2013. Professor Sang Won Kang explained, “Redox signaling is a new mechanism that proves the fact that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are by-products of normal cell activity, which is a relatively less well-understood mechanism that was only discovered around 20 years ago,” and added, “As a leading company in developing new drugs targeting signaling pathways, Vasthera found that the loss of function in enzymes related to redox signaling may cause vascular diseases and cancers, and that the recovery of the lost function can be a treatment option.” The research team discovered a substance that accurately imitates peroxiredoxin-2 activity among natural substances and succeeded in developing a new drug named VTA-04, which newly synthesizes the component responsible for activity. The first target disease to be treated by VTA-04 was determined as PAH, a rare vascular disease, and the targets are expanding to cancers and brain disorders. The therapeutic developed through this study is different from existing therapeutics in that it was developed to target blood vessels from the beginning. The team will complete the development of the dosage form of the new PAH drug VTA-04 for clinical use within the first half of this year, and plans to expand the treatment targets to TNBC among malignant tumors, brain disorders and more in the future.
- No.106
- Writer
- Date2022.04.07
- Views34152
105
Undergraduate Students from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering Publish a Research Paper in an SCI...

Undergraduate Students from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering Publish a Research Paper in an SCI-grade Journal Su-ji Yoon and Hee-jin Park Su-ji Yoon and Hee-jin Park, undergraduate students of the ELTEC College of Engineering majoring in Computer Science and Engineering in the incoming class of 2019, conducted research on drastically reducing DRAM memory consumption in IoT (Internet-of-Things) systems, and published the paper as co-first authors in IEEE Access, a major open access journal of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society. As the size of data in IoT environments has rapidly increased in recent years, DRAM usage is also increasing alongside a subsequent leap in battery consumption. Real-time systems such as IoT systems are “mission-critical” systems in which it is essential to complete tasks within a fixed time without fail. Since all tasks in such systems reside on the memory, such systems face the problem of high memory consumption because they are unable to use the swapping method to temporarily retain tasks in storage as with general-purpose computer systems. The undergraduate research team optimized the swap ratio for each task and reduced DRAM usage by 34 percent by employing evolutionary computation, a kind of artificial intelligence (AI) technology. In addition, the team succeeded in saving battery consumption by 31 percent through the combination of memory-swapping technology and CPU voltage scaling technology. While these power-saving technologies generally have the side effect of slowing down task execution, the research team achieved an optimal outcome that met the deadline for all tasks and maximize the power-saving effect through the accurate modeling of the worst-case execution time. The pertinent research paper, titled “Supporting Swap in Real-Time Task Scheduling for Unified Power-Saving in CPU and Memory,” is the outcome of joint research by the two undergraduates with Research Professor Kyungwoon Cho (third author) and Professor Hyokyung Bahn (corresponding author) during their research internship period for undergraduate students at the Embedded Software Research Center, which marks a meaningful demonstration of the outstanding capabilities of Ewha undergraduates in the Computer Science and Engineering major. The Department of Computer Science and Engineering helps undergraduates to foster their research capabilities by participating in wide-ranging academic research activities through a research internship program and achieve academic accomplishments. Su-ji Yoon and Hee-jin Park, the co-first authors, expressed their feelings about participating in the program, commenting, “We believe we were able to produce positive results in a short period of time by building upon open-source code at the research center, rather than writing the source code required for our experiments from scratch.” Professor Hyokyung Bahn, who supervised the research as a corresponding author, remarked, “As recent studies in computer science have been conducted using open-source software, the source code for such studies are being made available to the public, rather than only publishing their outcomes in academic papers. This is increasingly cutting down on the time required for creative undergraduate students to produce new results based on existing studies,” and added, “The research outcome of these students was also published in open source, which I hope will challenge other students to achieve even better research outcomes.”
- No.104
- Writer
- Date2022.03.30
- Views36433
103
Intramural Distinguished Professor, Ewha Fellows and Emerging Ewha Fellow were Selected

Intramural Distinguished Professor, Ewha Fellows and Emerging Ewha Fellow were Selected As Ewha is concentrating efforts on enhancing its status as a research-oriented university, the faculty positions of Intramural Distinguished Professor, Ewha Fellows and Emerging Ewha Fellow were selected to take the lead in achieving notable outcomes on an international scale. Ewha has selected Ewha faculty members who are elevating the prestige of Ewha through vigorous research activities and outstanding achievements in order to further support research and academic activities at Ehwa. This year, Ewha designated Professor Goo Taeg Oh at the Department of Life Science as an Intramural Distinguished Professor, Professor Ick-Joong Chung at the Department of Social Welfare, Professor Dong Ha Kim at the Division of Chemistry & Nano Science, and Professor Ahjeong Son at the Division of Environmental Science & Engineering as Ewha Fellows, and Professor Tae-Jin Song at the Department of Medicine as an Emerging Ewha Fellow. (From left) Distinguished Professor Goo Taeg Oh, Ewha Fellows Professors Ick-Joong Chung, Dong Ha Kim and Ahjeong Son, and Emerging Ewha Fellow Professor Tae-Jin Song Under the vision of “A Creative and Innovative Platform Leading to a Sustainable Society,” Ewha launched the Headquarters for R&D General Planning in 2021 with the aim to build an ecosystem to create world-class outcomes, and conducted various projects to strengthen Ewha’s research competitiveness, such as selecting the Frontier 10-10 Project. This year, Ewha plans to create an optimal environment for its members to immerse themselves in education and research by focusing on the establishment of a support system for sustainable creative research, such as expansion of the compensation system for excellent research faculty, establishment of an immersive research environment tailored to academic fields and research characteristics, expansion of support to facilitate research activities by the next generation of academics, etc.
- No.102
- Writer
- Date2022.03.28
- Views48181
101
Ewha Opens CHECK and IESEH in Collaboration with Ewha Medical Center and SCL

Ewha Opens Children’s Environmental Health Clinic in Korea (CHECK) and Institute of Ewha – SCL for Environmental Health (IESEH) in Collaboration with Ewha Medical Center and SCL With the aim to facilitate global cooperation on research to improve the environment and health, Ewha, Ewha Medical Center and Seoul Clinical Laboratories (SCL) opened “Children’s Environmental Health Clinic in Korea (CHECK)” and “Institute of Ewha – SCL for Environmental Health (IESEH)” on March 23 (Wed.) as institutions dedicated to conducting studies on the promotion of the environment and health. Amid growing interest in coexistence between humans and nature and preemptive responses to various environmental threats in the post-COVID-19 era, Ewha established CHECK and the IESEH to investigate the environmental impact on the health of human beings, including children and women, and to identify measures to provide accurate information on environmental threats and improve health. As Korea’s first clinic specializing in pediatric environmental health, CHECK will take the lead in developing a clinical examination model for recent topics of interest such as precocious puberty, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. By researching and providing education on the connection between children’s diseases and environmental substances, the clinic will identify measures to enhance the environmental health of children and women in Korea, and further lead environmental research and education on an international scale. Established alongside CHECK, the IESEH will research methods to establish women’s cohorts, presents environmental health trends in the post-COVID-19 era, research the development of health screening models, research birth cohort studies on children’s environmental health through national networks, etc. In a congratulatory speech, President Eun Mee Kim remarked, “In the post-COVID-19 era, we need to preemptively respond to threats against human health and prepare detailed and sophisticated countermeasures for health effects on vulnerable groups, especially children, the elderly, and those with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.” She then added, “It is my hope that the Institute of Ewha – SCL for Environmental Health will take the initiative in convergence education and R&D efforts by developing guidelines for environmental clinics, proposing environmental health solutions and establishing cohorts of children and women, based on the linkage model between clinics and research institutes as the foundation for convergence research combining clinical medicine and environmental medicine.” The seminar that followed was held to share plans and goals of research activities and to discuss ways to operate CHECK and the IESEH with a view to facilitate their development. In addition, special lectures were delivered by Professor Ruth A. Etzel of George Washington University and Professor Michelle L. Bell of Yale University under the theme of “A Giant Leap Toward a Healthier Environment for All Children and Adults: Prospects, Clinical Applications and Public Health Research from Ewha to the Global Stage,” which further added to the meaningful nature of the occasion.
- No.100
- Writer
- Date2022.03.25
- Views44882
99
The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Ewha Selected as the Best Institution in Animal Testing

The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Ewha Selected as the Best Institution in Animal Testing The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Ewha received the 2021 Best Award from the Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) in recognition of its excellence in animal experiments. The Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA), an affiliated organization of the MAFRA, annually inspects and evaluates every IACUC in Korea, which are committees established and operated by each institution conducting animal tests to ensure the protection and ethical treatment of animals as well as guide and supervise experiments. Established in 2008, the Ewha IACUC is affiliated with the Center for Research Compliance and under the direct control of the Ewha president. It has thoroughly supervised and managed animal experiments in accordance with the Animal Protection Act and the Laboratory Animal Act to conduct animal tests ethically and safely and to operate facilities properly. In the 2021 field supervision conducted by the APQA, Ewha received a high rating and became selected as the best institution, winning a ministerial award. Goo Taeg Oh, Director of the Ewha IACUC and professor of Life Sciences, remarked, “This award is a recognition of the reliability of Ewha’s animal experiments based on bioethics, and also a fruit of Ewha’s continuous interest and investment in the field.” Jung-Sun Kim, Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs and Director of the Center for Research Compliance, also commented, “Ewha will strive to become a research-oriented university that conducts research that is not only ethically and scientifically sound but also legally compliant based on the awareness that ethical consideration and social responsibility are the most important aspects of creative research in the field of life science and medicine.”
- No.98
- Writer
- Date2022.01.10
- Views30671
97
Professor Andreas Heinrich Wins Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer Award

Professor Andreas Heinrich Wins Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer Award Andreas Heinrich, director of the IBS Center for Quantum Nanoscience (QNS) will deliver the Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer Award Lecture on December 17, 2021 at the Max Plank Institute for Biophysical Chemistry. This award has been given since 2016 to world renown scientists who are leading their field. Heinrich will give a lecture on quantum spins on surfaces at the institute and receive the award. Heinrich is a pioneer of the quantum nanoscience field, which is at the intersection of quantum science and nanoscience. In November of this year, Heinrich along with leading researchers in the field published a review paper entitled ‘Quantum-Coherent Nanoscience’ in Nature Nanotechnology presenting the definition of the field. Heinrich’s research is focused on this quantum properties of individual atoms and molecules on surfaces. His first major scientific breakthrough was single spin spectroscopy on surfaces using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). He additionally invented the ESR-STM technique while a scientist at IBM by combining the atomic-scale spatial resolution of STM with the much higher energy resolution of electron spin resonance (ESR) to achieve an extraordinary advance in atom-level resolution. At QNS there are now a growing number of ESR-enabled STMs making it a sought after research destination. QNS is engineering the quantum future with the leading researchers from around to world. The Max Plank Institute for Biophysical Chemistry is also known as the Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer Institute. This institute is the only one within the Max Plank Society which combines the three classical disciplines of biology, physics and chemistry. Heinrich said “I am pleased and honored to receive the award for scientists who contributed in interdisciplinary research”. Heinrich also received the Heinrich Rohrer Medal on December 2021, awarded by the Japan Society of Vacuum and Surface Science.
- No.96
- Writer
- Date2021.12.22
- Views32053
95
Ewha and the Institute for Basic Science Launch Academia-research Collaboration Course

Ewha and the Institute for Basic Science Launch Academia-research Collaboration Course Ewha established an academia-research collaboration course with the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) for the first time among domestic universities and will recruit students for master’s and doctoral courses from spring semester 2022 onward. The academia-research collaboration course is aimed at fostering advanced technical specialists with a differentiated edge over conventional master’s or doctoral degree-holders through collaboration between research institutes conducting various research and universities in charge of talent development in related fields. The students enrolled in the academia-research collaboration course will take basic subjects at Ewha, participate in research projects and conduct research for their thesis at research institutes, and grow into advanced technical specialists equipped with both the theoretical and practical skills to lead the development of advanced technologies in industries. Since the launch of master’s and doctoral programs for academia-research collaboration in 1994, Ewha has established its status as a research-oriented university through academic exchanges and research collaboration with leading institutions including the Korea Institute of Science and Technology, the National Cancer Center, the National Forensic Service, and the National Institute of Ecology. As of the 2021 academic year, various departments such as the Department of Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Pharmacy, and Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management are operating academia-research collaboration courses in partnership with leading research institutes. Ewha has implemented various projects to solidify its status as a research-oriented university with world-class research capabilities under the vision of “A Creative and Innovative Platform Leading to a Sustainable Society,” and the newly-established academia-research collaboration course with the IBS is expected to facilitate the generation of innovative research results in science and technology and nurturing women professionals. The IBS is a research institute established in 2011 for world-class basic science research and encompasses 30 research centers in the field of mathematics, physics, chemistry, life sciences, and convergence. Ewha launched the IBS Center for Quantum Nanoscience in 2017 under the leadership of Professor Andreas Heinrich from the Department of Physics and has since conducted world-class quantum nanoscience research. In addition, Visiting Chair-Professor Han In-sik took office as director of the IBS Center for Exotic Nuclear Studies (CENS) and has contributed to expanding the horizon of basic science research based on the network with the IBS. The establishment of the Ewha-IBS academia-research collaboration course, which will serve as a new model for the creation of a creative research ecosystem, was led by faculty members from the Department of Science Education and the Department of Physics, and CENS researchers. Concurrent with the launch, doctoral students from the Graduate School of Physics are expected to enroll in the course and continue their studies and research. Visiting Chair-Professor Han In-sik from the Department of Science Education remarked, “The Ewha-IBS academia-research collaboration course has now taken its first step with the participation of the Department of Science Education and the Department of Physics, and we expect the course to be expanded to other departments in the future to support active collaboration with the IBS in fields of basic science research.” Meanwhile, in commemoration of the launch of the Ewha-IBS academia-research collaboration course, the “2021 CENS Workshop” was co-hosted by the Department of Physics and the CENS at the Science Building from Wednesday, November 24 to Friday, November 26. At the workshop’s opening ceremony, Ewha faculty members and the IBS CENS researchers gave presentations on various topics.
- No.94
- Writer
- Date2021.12.13
- Views33589
93
Research Team Led by Professor Choi Hye-Won Gains Attention with Humanities-based AI Research

Research Team Led by Professor Choi Hye-Won Gains Attention with Humanities-based AI Research Improving AI speech recognition performance by collecting non-native speech data of Korean from speakers of 65 languages Expecting the humanities-based AI research to further contribute to the globalization of the Korean Wave The “Language and Artificial Intelligence” research team led by Professor Choi Hye-Won from the Division of English Language and Literature has conducted a non-native Korean speech data project for The Open AI Dataset Project (AI-Hub) for 2021, which was supervised by the Ministry of Science and ICT and supported by the National Information Society Agency. The project is being implemented as part of the government’s “Digital New Deal” policy and regarded as the core project of the “Data Dam,” aimed at promoting Korea’s leap forward as an AI powerhouse and the intelligent innovation as measures to facilitate innovation across the state and society, while supporting the construction and development of AI learning data for the purpose of job creation. The research team received 200 million KRW from the government funding of 1.9 billion KRW assigned to the consortium formed with five other domestic institutions, to carry out planning, designing and collecting non-native Korean speech data, and analyzing pronunciation errors in them until the end of 2021. The project aimed to enhance AI recognition of Korean speech by building non-native Korean speech data for AI learning. AI voice recognition technology is widely used in our daily lives as it is embedded in smartphones, AI speakers, navigation systems, and automatic translators. However, in reality, minority speakers such as the elderly, dialect users, and foreigners who entail atypical and distinct phonetic characteristics are typically excluded from the main subjects of AI voice recognition. As the model performance of recent AI that utilizes deep learning technologies is determined by the volume of data, it is difficult to reflect quantitatively minor languages. Recognizing this issue, the research team at Ewha attempted to supplement the limited volume of low-resource data, namely Korean speech by foreigners, using a data collection technique based on error analysis annotation. To this end, a data construction strategy was formulated based on the comparative study of speakers’ native phonetic and phonological systems, and Korean speech data was collected from speakers of 65 languages from 80 countries, including English, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Thai. Currently, 2.5 million foreigners, forming five percent of the population, reside in South Korea, speaking Korean. The recent global popularity of the Korean Wave, manifested by cultural assets such as Parasite, Squid Game, and BTS, has drastically increased the interest toward the Korean language. Amidst the exponential increase in the number of foreigners learning Korean in and out of Korea, the study by Professor Choi’s team is meaningful as it is expected to help meet the growing demand for Korean language education. Going forward, the study results are expected to contribute to research on improving the recognition rate of and developing a model for foreigners’ Korean speech, and help multicultural families, foreign workers, and foreign tourists to use various AI voice support services with greater ease. The findings are also expected to be put into meaningful use with countless possibilities for various learning tools, including the development of learning apps for efficient learning of the Korean language to assist the rapidly-growing number of Korean learners.
- No.92
- Writer
- Date2021.11.26
- Views33104
91
University-Industry Collaboration Foundation Hosts “Tech-Biz EWHA 2021”

University-Industry Collaboration Foundation Hosts “Tech-Biz EWHA 2021” The Ewha University-Industry Collaboration Foundation (EUICF) held the Tech-Biz EWHA 2021 event at 2 p.m. on Wednesday, November 10 to promote university-industry collaboration and the technology commercialization of outstanding research achievements possessed by Ewha. Tech-Biz EWHA 2021 was an event designed to promote Ewha’s promising future technologies, patents and research achievements and facilitate their technology transfer and commercialization through business networks. At the event, Ewha faculty members introduced 20 of Ewha’s latest cutting-edge technologies in the fields of new medicine, digital healthcare, IT, and new materials. The event also provided an opportunity to explore member companies of “EWHA Tech-Net” that have formed partnerships with Ewha and the affiliate companies of Ewha Womans University Technology Holding Company. The event commenced with opening remarks by EUICF President Lee Hyang-sook and congratulatory remarks by President Kim Eun Mee, followed by a technical presentation session where Ewha’s research teams presented outstanding technologies created by their research and development efforts. At the event, which was livestreamed through an online broadcasting platform, representatives of Ewha’s partner companies, technology buyers, and relevant organizations participated in exchanging their views and reviewing recent technology trends and Ewha’s excellent technological competence. The event also provided another opportunity to showcase Ewha’s capacity in leading innovative growth and balanced development through industry-academia collaboration with an introduction session for EWHA Tech-Net members that participated in Ewha’s cooperative activities, such as EnhancedBio Inc., Cellion Biomed Inc., and TODOC Co., Ltd., which is Ewha’s partner for the Business-linked Youth Technology Specialist Training Project, followed by an IR session for subsidiaries of Ewha Womans University Technology Holding Co., Ltd., namely I Say LAB Co., Ltd. and E-wireligner Co., Ltd. The video recording of the event is available on Ewha’s YouTube channel (https://youtu.be/UOBpeMFaYwo), and the technologies, current patents held by Ewha and researcher information introduced during the event are available on the Ewha IP-Marketplace (EPM) platform. The EUICF established the EPM (http://epm.ewha.ac.kr/) last October to facilitate technology commercialization and conduct effective marketing in accordance with recent trends in research and technology, subsequently providing services such as a real-time patent search function by technological field and researcher, and a real-time patent information search function linked to the intellectual property search service of the Korea Intellectual Property Rights Information Service (KIPRIS). The EUICF provides active support across the entire process of technology commercialization from intellectual property creation to technology transfer and startup launch by operating various programs: The EWHA TLO-Idea to Market (ETM), a support program for customized technology commercialization based on excellent research and performance at Ewha to take the lead in creating high-quality intellectual property and facilitating technology commercialization; Ewha Womans University Technology Holdings Co., Ltd., an organization responsible for the establishment of Ewha’s affiliate companies; and EWHA Tech-Net, a corporate membership program.
- No.90
- Writer
- Date2021.11.12
- Views32321

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